Perceived Experience in Social Circles with COVID-19 Injections and COVID-19 “Vaccine” Mandates: An Online Survey of the United States Population
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56098/h1mv5a64Keywords:
COVID-19 injections, survey, vaccine mandate, COVID-19Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 crisis, decision-makers in countries around the world adopted policies such as lockdowns, mask requirements, and once COVID-19 injections became available, “vaccine” mandates and “vaccine” passports. However, political polarization and differences in risk perceptions in the populous generated strong support for and opposition to such measures. This research identifies the factors associated with support for/against COVID-19 injection mandates and passports. An online survey of COVID-19 health experiences in the United States population was conducted to collect information regarding potential reasons why respondents might favor or oppose COVID-19 injection mandates and passports, including experiences with COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 injections by respondents and those in their social circles. Analysis using a Logit regression technique was conducted to identify factors influencing the likelihood of opposing COVID-19 injection mandates and passports. The survey was completed by 2,840 participants between December 18 and 23, 2021. Twenty-two percent (612 of 2,840) of respondents reported that they knew at least one person who had experienced a health problem following COVID-19 injection. Respondents who knew someone who experienced a health problem following COVID-19 injection were more likely to oppose injection mandates (OR: 2.040, 95% CI: 1.635-2.254, and passports (OR: 1.691, 95% CI: 1.361-2.101)) Perceptions of COVID-19 injection safety based on personal experiences appear to be an important determinant of opposition to injection mandates and passports.
References
Agley J., Xiao Y., Thompson E.E., Golzarri-Arroyo L. (2021). Factors associated with reported likelihood to get vaccinated for COVID-19 in a nationally representative US survey. Public Health. 196, 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.009
Anderson S. (2020). CBER Plans for Monitoring COVID-19 Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness. https://www.fda.gov/media/143557/download
Attwell, K., & C. NAVIN, M. A. R. K. (2019). Childhood vaccination mandates: scope, sanctions, severity, selectivity, and salience. The Milbank Quarterly, 97(4), 978-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417
Attwell, K., Ward, J. K., & Tomkinson, S. (2021). Manufacturing consent for vaccine mandates: a comparative case study of communication campaigns in France and Australia. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.598602
Bendau, A., Plag, J., Petzold, M. B., & Ströhle, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. International Immunopharmacology, 97, 107724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724
Bucholtz S. (2020). Urban. Suburban. Rural. How do households describe where they live? The Edge, PD&R ‘s online magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-frm-asst-sec-080320.htm
Chaufan, C., Hemsing, N., McDonald, J, Heredia, C. (2022). The risk benefit balance in the COVID-19 “vaccine hesitancy” literature: An umbrella review protocol. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research. 2(3), 1009-1026. https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i2.62
Collins, L.M. (2024). New vaccines are 54% effective against symptomatic COVID: CDC. Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/2024/2/2/24059260/new-covid-vaccines-effective-booster-against-infection-cdc
Dubé È., Ward J.K., Verger P., Macdonald N.E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy, acceptance, and anti-vaccination: Trends and future prospects for public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 42(1), 175–91. http://www.orspaca.org/sites/default/files/annurev-publhealth-vaccine-hesitancy.pdf
Gagneux-Brunon, A., Botelho-Nevers, E., Bonneton, M., Peretti-Watel, P., Verger, P., Launay, O., Ward J.K. (2022). Public opinion on a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy in France: a cross-sectional survey, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 28(3), 433-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.201.10.016
Giannouchos, T. V., Steletou, E., Saridi, M., & Souliotis, K. (2021). Mandatory vaccination support and intentions to get vaccinated for COVID‐19: results from a nationally representative general population survey in October 2020 in Greece. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 27(4), 996-1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13588
Gamble V. (1993). A Legacy of distrust: African Americans and medical research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine.9(6), 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30664-0
Graeber, D., Schmidt-Petri, C., & Schröder, C. (2021). Attitudes on voluntary and mandatory vaccination against COVID-19: Evidence from Germany. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0248372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248372
Gramlich, J. (2020). What the 2020 electorate looks like by party, race and ethnicity, age, education and religion. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/26/what-the-2020-electorate-looks-like-by-party-race-and-ethnicity-age-education-and-religion/
Hyland P, Vallières F, Shevlin M, Bentall RP, McKay R, Hartman TK, et al. (2021). Resistance to COVID-19 vaccination has increased in Ireland and the United Kingdom during the pandemic. Public Health, 195, 54-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.04.009
Jovanovic, V., Milic, M., Dotlic, J., Cvjetkovic, S., Jeremic Stojkovic, V., Maksimovic, N., . . . Gazibara, T. (2023). Mandatory and seasonal vaccination against COVID-19: Attitudes of the vaccinated people in Serbia. Epidemiology & Infection, 151, E83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268823000614
Kreps S.E., Goldfarb J.L., Brownstein J.S., Kriner D.L. (2021). The relationship between us adults’ misconceptions about covid-19 vaccines and vaccination preferences. Vaccines. 9(8), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080901
Luo C, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zheng D, Shao L. (2021). Intention to COVID-19 vaccination and associated factors among health care workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. American Journal of Infection Control, 49(10), 1295-1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.06.020
McCoy, C. A. (2019). Adapting coercion: how three industrialized nations manufacture vaccination compliance. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 44(6), 823-854. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-7785775
Nguyen T., Henningsen K.H., Brehaut J.C., Hoe E., Wilson K. (2011). Acceptance of a pandemic influenza vaccine: A systematic review of surveys of the general public. Infection and Drug Resistance, 4(1), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S23174
Prematunge C., Corace K., McCarthy A., Nair R.C., Pugsley R., Garber G. (2012). Factors influencing pandemic influenza vaccination of healthcare workers-A systematic review. Vaccine, 30(32), 4733-4743. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.018
Rasmussen Reports (2023). COVID-19: Virus deaths vs. vaccine deaths. (2023). Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved September 19, 2023 from https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/public_surveys/covid_19_virus_deaths_vs_vaccine_deaths
REACT (2023). Scientific publications directory: Collection of peer reviewed case reports and studies citing adverse effects post COVID vaccination. . Retrieved February 6, 2024 from: https://react19.org/science
Santiago, D. (2022). Playing Russian roulette with every COVID-19 injection: The deadly global game. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research, 2(2), 619-50. https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i2.36
Shupp R, Loveridge S, Skidmore M, Green B, Albrecht D. (2020). Recognition and stigma of prescription drug abuse disorder: Personal and community determinants. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09063-z
Skidmore, M. (2023a). COVID-19 illness and vaccination experiences in social circles affect COVID-19 vaccination decisions. Sci Publ Health Pol & Law. 4, 208-226. https://www.publichealthpolicyjournal.com/_files/ugd/adf864_4c3afc4436234a96aa1f60bb6e677719.pdf
Skidmore, M. (2023b) Retracted Article: The role of social circle COVID-19 illness and vaccination experiences in COVID-19 vaccination decisions: an online survey of the United States population. BMC Infect Dis 23, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-07998-3
Tsai J, Shen J, Southwick S.M., Greenberg S, Pluta A, Pietrzak R.H. (2018). Public attitudes and literacy about posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 55, 63-69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.02.002
Tuuminen, T. Suominen, P.J. Gulbrands T.A. (2023). A Finnish Survey of Adverse Effects of COVID-19 Injectables and the Functionality of the Medical System. International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research. 3(1), 1009-1026. https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v3i1.87
United States Census Bureau (n.d.a). About Educational Attainment. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from: https://www.census.gov/topics/education/educational-attainment/about.html
United States Census Bureau (n.d.b). National Demographic Analysis Tables: 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/demo/popest/2020-demographic-analysis-tables.html
United States Census Bureau (n.d.c). QuickFacts United States. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222
Yoda T, Katsuyama H. (2021). Willingness to receive covid-19 vaccination in Japan. Vaccines. 9(1),1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010048
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mark Skidmore, Fernanda Alfaro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The copyright for materials in this journal, IJVTPR, is owned by the author. The author, however, grants first right of publication to the journal, IJVTPR and assures the editorial staff of the journal that the work submitted has not simultaneously been submitted to any other journal, nor is it under consideration for publication by any other journal. If any portion of the work submitted has appeared elsewhere, the quoted material is properly cited and credit is given to the original publisher. The submitting author (or the principal and corresponding author of the work) also assures the editors of IJVTPR that he or she has obtained all required written permissions from any quoted authors or publishers of quoted materials. The submitting author also agrees to hold IJVTPR and its editorial staff harmless from any infractions of copyright law that may be discovered at any time in the future in the submitted work. The author assures the editorial staff at IJVTPR that none of the work submitted is plagiarized, and that any recycled or precycled material by the author is identified as such with proper credits in the text to any other parties holding a copyright interest in the quoted material.